NOTES
This episode of BSDNow is brought to you by Tarsnap

Headlines

Scheduling in NetBSD – Part 1

In this blog, we will discuss about the 4.4BSD Thread scheduler one of the two schedulers in NetBSD and a few OS APIs that can be used to control the schedulers and get information while executing.

ZFS versus RAID: Eight Ironwolf disks, two filesystems, one winner

This has been a long while in the making—it's test results time. To truly understand the fundamentals of computer storage, it's important to explore the impact of various conventional RAID (Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks) topologies on performance. It's also important to understand what ZFS is and how it works. But at some point, people (particularly computer enthusiasts on the Internet) want numbers.

• If you want to hear more from Jim, he has a new bi-weekly podcast with Allan and Joe Ressington over at 2.5admins.com

News Roundup

OpenBSD on the Microsoft Surface Go 2

I used OpenBSD on the original Surface Go back in 2018 and many things worked with the big exception of the internal Atheros WiFi. This meant I had to keep it tethered to a USB-C dock for Ethernet or use a small USB-A WiFi dongle plugged into a less-than-small USB-A-to-USB-C adapter.

FreeBSD UNIX for Linux sysadmins

If you’ve ever installed and explored another Linux distro (what Linux sysadmin hasn’t?!?), then exploring FreeBSD is going be somewhat similar with a few key differences.
While there is no graphical installation, the installation process is straightforward and similar to installing a server-based Linux distro. Just make sure you choose the local_unbound package when prompted if you want to cache DNS lookups locally, as FreeBSD doesn’t have a built-in local DNS resolver that does this.
Following installation, the directory structure is almost identical to Linux. Of course, you’ll notice some small differences here and there (e.g. regular user home directories are located under /usr/home instead of /home). Standard UNIX commands such as ls, chmod, find, which, ps, nice, ifconfig, netstat, sockstat (the ss command in Linux) are exactly as you’d expect, but with some different options here and there that you’ll see in the man pages. And yes, reboot and poweroff are there too.

FreeBSD on the Lenovo Thinkpad T480

Recently I replaced my 2014 MacBook Air with a Lenovo Thinkpad T480, on which I've installed FreeBSD, currently 12.1-RELEASE. This page documents my set-up along with various configuration tweaks and fixes.

Tarsnap

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Feedback/Questions

• Benjamin - ZFS Question

• Brad - swap_pager_getswapspace errors

• Brandon - gaming

• Send questions, comments, show ideas/topics, or stories you want mentioned on the show to feedback@bsdnow.tv

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Headlines

Revisiting FreeBSD after 20 years

• With comments like "has Linux lost its way?" floating around, a Debian developer was prompted to revisit FreeBSD after nearly two decades
• This blog post goes through his experiences trying out a modern BSD variant, and includes the good, the bad and the ugly - not just praise this time
• He loves ZFS and the beadm tool, and finds the FreeBSD implementation to be much more stable than ZoL
• On the topic of jails, he summarizes: "Linux has tried so hard to get this right, and fallen on its face so many times, a person just wants to take pity sometimes. We’ve had linux-vserver, openvz, lxc, and still none of them match what FreeBSD jails have done for a long time."
• The post also goes through the "just plain different" aspects of a complete OS vs. a distribution of various things pieced together
• Finally, he includes some things he wasn't so happy about: subpar laptop support, virtualization being a bit behind, a myriad of complaints about pkgng and a few other things
• There was some decent discussion on Hacker News about this article too, with counterpoints from both sides ***

s2k15 hackathon report: network stack SMP

• The first trip report from the recent OpenBSD hackathon in Australia has finally been submitted
• One of the themes of this hackathon was SMP (symmetric multiprocessing) improvement, and Martin Pieuchot did some hacking on the network stack
• If you're not familiar with him, he gave a presentation at EuroBSDCon last year, titled Taming OpenBSD Network Stack Dragons
• Teaming up with David Gwynne, they worked on getting some bits of the networking code out of the big lock
• Hopefully more trip reports will be sent in during the coming weeks
• Most of the big code changes should probably appear after the 5.7-release testing period ***

From BIND to NSD and Unbound

• If you've been running a DNS server on any of the BSDs, you've probably noticed a semi-recent trend: BIND being replaced with Unbound
• BIND was ripped out in FreeBSD 10.0 and will be gone in OpenBSD 5.7, but both systems include Unbound now as an alternative
• OpenBSD goes a step further, also including NSD in the base system, whereas you'll need to install that from ports on FreeBSD
• Instead of one daemon doing everything like BIND tried to do, this new setup splits the authoritative nameserver and the caching resolver into two separate daemons
• This post takes you through the transitional phase of going from a single BIND setup to a combination of NSD and Unbound
• All in all, everyone wins here, as there will be a lot less security advisories in both BSDs because of it... ***

m0n0wall calls it quits

• The original, classic BSD firewall distribution m0n0wall has finally decided to close up shop
• For those unfamiliar, m0n0wall was a FreeBSD-based firewall project that put a lot of focus on embedded devices: running from a CF card, CD, USB drive or even a floppy disk
• It started over twelve years ago, which is pretty amazing when you consider that's around half of FreeBSD itself's lifespan
• The project was probably a lot of people's first encounter with BSD in any form
• If you were a m0n0wall user, fear not, you've got plenty of choices for a potential replacement: doing it yourself with something like FreeBSD or OpenBSD, or going the premade route with something like pfSense, OPNsense or the BSD Router Project
• The founder's announcement includes these closing words: "m0n0wall has served as the seed for several other well known open source projects, like pfSense, FreeNAS and AskoziaPBX. The newest offspring, OPNsense, aims to continue the open source spirit of m0n0wall while updating the technology to be ready for the future. In my view, it is the perfect way to bring the m0n0wall idea into 2015, and I encourage all current m0n0wall users to check out OPNsense and contribute if they can."
• While m0n0wall didn't get a lot of on-air mention, surely a lot of our listeners will remember it fondly ***

Interview - Alex Reece & Matt Ahrens - alex@delphix.com & matt@delphix.com / @openzfs

What's new in OpenZFS

Tutorial

Making your first patch (OpenBSD)

News Roundup

Overlaying remote LANs with OpenBSD's VXLAN

• Have you ever wanted to "merge" multiple remote LANs? OpenBSD's vxlan(4) is exactly what you need
• This article talks about using it to connect two virtualized infrastructures on different ESXi servers
• It gives a bit of networking background first, in case you're not quite up to speed on all this stuff
• This tool opens up a lot of very cool possibilities, even possibly doing a "remote" LAN party
• Be sure to check the AsiaBSDCon talk about VXLANs if you haven't already ***

2020, year of the PCBSD desktop

• Here we have a blog post about BSD on the desktop, straight from a KDE developer
• He predicts that PCBSD is going to take off before the year 2020, possibly even overtaking Linux's desktop market share (small as it may be)
• With PCBSD making a preconfigured FreeBSD desktop a reality, and the new KMS work, the author is impressed with how far BSD has come as a viable desktop option
• ZFS and easy-to-use boot environments top the list of things he says differentiate the BSD desktop experience from the Linux one
• There was also some discussion on Slashdot that might be worth reading ***

OpenSSH host key rotation, redux

• We mentioned the new OpenSSH host key rotation and other goodies in a previous episode, but things have changed a little bit since then
• djm says "almost immediately after smugly declaring 'mission accomplished', the bug reports started rolling in."
• There were some initial complaints from developers about the new options, and a serious bug shortly thereafter
• After going back to the drawing board, he refactored some of the new code (and API) and added some more regression tests
• Most importantly, the bigger big fix was described as: "a malicious server (say, "host-a") could advertise the public key of another server (say, "host-b"). Then, when the client subsequently connects back to host-a, instead of answering the connection as usual itself, host-a could proxy the connection to host-b. This would cause the user to connect to host-b when they think they are connecting to host-a, which is a violation of the authentication the host key is supposed to provide."
• None of this code has been in a formal OpenSSH release just yet, but hopefully it will soon ***

PCBSD tries out LibreSSL

• PCBSD users may soon be seeing a lot less security problems because of two recent changes
• After switching over to OpenNTPD last week, PCBSD decides to give the portable LibreSSL a try too
• Note that this is only for the packages built from ports, not the base system unfortunately
• They're not the first ones to do this - OPNsense has been experimenting with replacing OpenSSL in their ports tree for a little while now, and of course all of OpenBSD's ports are built against it
• A good number of patches are still not committed in vanilla FreeBSD ports, so they had to borrow some from Bugzilla
• Look forward to Kris wearing a "keep calm and abandon OpenSSL" shirt in the near future ***

Feedback/Questions

• Benjamin writes in
• Mike writes in
• Brad writes in ***

Mailing List Gold

• Debian Dejavu
• Package gone missing ***

This episode was brought to you by

Interview - Josh Paetzel - josh@ixsystems.com / @bsdunix4ever

Crazy ZFS stories, network protocols, server hardware

This episode was brought to you by

Headlines

OpenBSD 5.5 released

• If you ordered a CD set then you've probably had it for a little while already, but OpenBSD has formally announced the public release of 5.5
• This is one of the biggest releases to date, with a very long list of changes and improvements
• Some of the highlights include: time_t being 64 bit on all platforms, release sets and binary packages being signed with the new signify tool, a new autoinstall feature of the installer, SMP support on Alpha, a new AViiON port, lots of new hardware drivers including newer NICs, the new vxlan driver, relayd improvements, a new pf queue system for bandwidth shaping, dhcpd and dhclient fixes, OpenSMTPD 5.4.2 and all its new features, position-independent executables being default for i386, the RNG has been replaced with ChaCha20 as well as some other security improvements, FUSE support, tmpfs, softraid partitions larger than 2TB and a RAID 5 implementation, OpenSSH 6.6 with all its new features and fixes... and a lot more
• The full list of changes is HUGE, be sure to read through it all if you're interested in the details
• If you're doing an upgrade from 5.4 instead of a fresh install, pay careful attention to the upgrade guide as there are some very specific steps for this version
• Also be sure to apply the errata patches on your new installations... especially those OpenSSL ones (some of which still aren't fixed in the other BSDs yet)
• On the topic of errata patches, the project is now going to also send them out (signed) via the announce mailing list, a very welcome change
• Congrats to the whole team on this great release - 5.6 is going to be even more awesome with "Libre"SSL and lots of other stuff that's currently in development ***

FreeBSD foundation funding highlights

• The FreeBSD foundation posts a new update on how they're spending the money that everyone donates
• "As we embark on our 15th year of serving the FreeBSD Project and community, we are proud of what we've done to help FreeBSD become the most innovative, reliable, and high-performance operation system"
• During this spring, they want to highlight the new UEFI boot support and newcons
• There's a lot of details about what exactly UEFI is and why we need it going forward
• FreeBSD has also needed some updates to its console to support UTF8 and wide characters
• Hopefully this series will continue and we'll get to see what other work is being sponsored ***

OpenSSH without OpenSSL

• The OpenSSH team has been hard at work, making it even better, and now OpenSSL is completely optional
• Since it won't have access to the primitives OpenSSL uses, there will be a trade-off of features vs. security
• This version will drop support for legacy SSH v1, and the only two cryptographic algorithms supported are an in-house implementation of AES in counter mode and the new combination of the Chacha20 stream cipher with Poly1305 for packet integrity
• Key exchange is limited to elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman and the newer Curve25519 KEXs
• No support for RSA, DSA or ECDSA public keys - only Ed25519
• It also includes a new buffer API and a set of wrappers to make it compatible with the existing API
• Believe it or not, this was planned before all the heartbleed craziness
• Maybe someday soon we'll have a mini-openssh-portable in FreeBSD ports and NetBSD pkgsrc, would be really neat ***

BSDMag's April 2014 issue is out

• The free monthly BSD magazine has got a new issue available for download
• This time the articles include: pascal on BSD, an introduction to revision control systems and configuration management, deploying NetBSD on AWS EC2, more GIMP tutorials, an AsiaBSDCon 2014 report and a piece about how easily credit cards are stolen online
• Anyone can contribute to the magazine, just send the editors an email about what you want to write
• No Linux articles this time around, good ***

Interview - David Chisnall - theraven@freebsd.org

The LLVM/Clang switch, FreeBSD's core team, various topics

Tutorial

RAID in FreeBSD and OpenBSD

News Roundup

BSDTalk episode 240

• Our buddy Will Backman has uploaded a new episode of BSDTalk, this time with our other buddy GNN as the guest - mainly to talk about NTP and keeping reliable time
• Topics include the specific details of crystals used in watches and computers to keep time, how temperature affects the quality, different sources of inaccuracy, some general NTP information, why you might want extremely precise time, different time sources (GPS, satellite, etc), differences in stratum levels, the problem of packet delay and estimating the round trip time, some of the recent NTP amplification attacks, the downsides to using UDP instead of TCP and... much more
• GNN also talks a little about the Precision Time Protocol and how it's different than NTP
• Two people we've interviewed talking to each other, awesome
• If you're interested in NTP, be sure to see our tutorial too ***

m2k14 trip reports

• We've got a few more reports from the recent OpenBSD hackathon in Morocco
• The first one is from Antoine Jacoutot (who is a key GNOME porter and gave us the screenshots for the OpenBSD desktop tutorial)
• "Since I always fail at actually doing whatever I have planned for a hackathon, this time I decided to come to m2k14 unprepared about what I was going to do"
• He got lots of work done with ports and pushing GNOME-related patches back up to the main project, then worked on fixing ports' compatibility with LibreSSL
• Speaking of LibreSSL, there's an article all would-be portable version writers should probably read and take into consideration
• Jasper Adriaanse also writes about what he got done over there
• He cleaned up and fixed the puppet port to work better with OpenBSD ***

Why you should use FreeBSD on your cloud VPS

• Here we have a blog post from Atlantic, a VPS and hosting provider, about 10 reasons for using FreeBSD
• Starts off with a little bit of BSD history for those who are unfamiliar with it and only know Linux and Windows
• The 10 reasons are: community, stability, collaboration, ease of use, ports, security, ZFS, GEOM, sound and having lots of options
• The post goes into detail about each of them and why FreeBSD makes a great choice for a VPS OS ***

PCBSD weekly digest

• Big changes coming in the way PCBSD manages software
• The PBI system, AppCafe and related tools are all going to use pkgng now
• The AppCafe will no longer be limited to PBIs, so much more software will be easily available from the ports tree
• New rating system coming soon and much more ***

Feedback/Questions

• Martin writes in
• John writes in
• Alex writes in
• Goetz writes in
• Jarrad writes in ***

This episode was brought to you by

Interview - Scott Long - scottl@freebsd.org

FreeBSD at Netflix, OpenConnect, network performance, various topics