Headlines

Authentication vulnerabilities in OpenBSD

• We discovered an authentication-bypass vulnerability in OpenBSD's authentication system: this vulnerability is remotely exploitable in smtpd, ldapd, and radiusd, but its real-world impact should be studied on a case-by-case basis. For example, sshd is not exploitable thanks to its defense-in-depth mechanisms.
• From the manual page of login.conf:

OpenBSD uses BSD Authentication, which is made up of a variety of authentication styles. The authentication styles currently provided are:
passwd Request a password and check it against the password in the master.passwd file. See login_passwd(8).
skey Send a challenge and request a response, checking it with S/Key (tm) authentication. See login_skey(8).
yubikey Authenticate using a Yubico YubiKey token. See login_yubikey(8).
For any given style, the program /usr/libexec/auth/login_style is used to
perform the authentication. The synopsis of this program is:
/usr/libexec/auth/login_style [-v name=value] [-s service] username class

• This is the first piece of the puzzle: if an attacker specifies a username of the form "-option", they can influence the behavior of the authentication program in unexpected ways.

 login_passwd [-s service] [-v wheel=yes|no] [-v lastchance=yes|no] user [class] The service argument specifies which protocol to use with the invoking program.  The allowed protocols are login, challenge, and response.  (The challenge protocol is silently ignored but will report success as passwd-style authentication is not challenge-response based).

• This is the second piece of the puzzle: if an attacker specifies the username "-schallenge" (or "-schallenge:passwd" to force a passwd-style authentication), then the authentication is automatically successful and therefore bypassed.
• Case study: smtpd
• Case study: ldapd
• Case study: radiusd
• Case study: sshd
• Acknowledgments: We thank Theo de Raadt and the OpenBSD developers for their incredibly quick response: they published patches for these vulnerabilities less than 40 hours after our initial contact. We also thank MITRE's CVE Assignment Team.

First release candidate for NetBSD 9.0 available!

• Since the start of the release process four months ago a lot of improvements went into the branch - more than 500 pullups were processed!
• This includes usbnet (a common framework for usb ethernet drivers), aarch64 stability enhancements and lots of new hardware support, installer/sysinst fixes and changes to the NVMM (hardware virtualization) interface.
• We hope this will lead to the best NetBSD release ever (only to be topped by NetBSD 10 next year).

• Here are a few highlights of the new release:

  Support for Arm AArch64 (64-bit Armv8-A) machines, including "Arm ServerReady"
  compliant machines (SBBR+SBSA)
  Enhanced hardware support for Armv7-A
  Updated GPU drivers (e.g. support for Intel Kabylake)
  Enhanced virtualization support
  Support for hardware-accelerated virtualization (NVMM)
  Support for Performance Monitoring Counters
  Support for Kernel ASLR
  Support several kernel sanitizers (KLEAK, KASAN, KUBSAN)
  Support for userland sanitizers
  Audit of the network stack
  Many improvements in NPF
  Updated ZFS
  Reworked error handling and NCQ support in the SATA subsystem
  Support a common framework for USB Ethernet drivers (usbnet)

• More information on the RC can be found on the NetBSD 9 release page

News Roundup

Running FreeNAS on a Digitalocean droplet

• ZFS is awesome. FreeBSD even more so. FreeNAS is the battle-tested, enterprise-ready-yet-home-user-friendly software defined storage solution which is cooler then deep space, based on FreeBSD and makes heavy use of ZFS. This is what I (and soooooo many others) use for just about any storage-related task. I can go on and on and on about what makes it great, but if you're here, reading this, you probably know all that already and we can skip ahead.
• I've needed an offsite FreeNAS setup to replicate things to, to run some things, to do some stuff, basically, my privately-owned, tightly-controlled NAS appliance in the cloud, one I control from top to bottom and with support for whatever crazy thing I'm trying to do. Since I'm using DigitalOcean as my main VPS provider, it seemed logical to run FreeNAS there, however, you can't. While DO supports many many distos and pre-setup applications (e.g OpenVPN), FreeNAS isn't a supported feature, at least not in the traditional way :)
• Before we begin, here's the gist of what we're going to do:

Base of a FreeBSD droplet, we'll re-image our boot block device with FreeNAS iso. We'll then install FreeNAS on the second block device. Once done we're going to do the ol' switcheroo: we're going to re-image our original boot block device using the now FreeNAS-installed second block device.

• Part 1: re-image our boot block device to boot FreeNAS install media.
• Part 2: Install FreeNAS on the second block-device
• Part 3: Re-image the boot block device using the FreeNAS-installed block device

NomadBSD 1.3 is now available

• From the release notes:

The base system has been changed to FreeBSD 12.1-RELEASE-p1
Due to a deadlock problem, FreeBSD's unionfs has been replaced by unionfs-fuse
The GPT layout has been changed to MBR. This prevents problems with Lenovo
systems that refuse to boot from GPT if "lenovofix" is not set, and systems that
hang on boot if "lenovofix" is set.
Support for ZFS installations has been added to the NomadBSD installer.
The rc-script for setting up the network interfaces has been fixed and improved.
Support for setting the country code for the wlan device has been added.
Auto configuration for running in VirtualBox has been added.
A check for the default display has been added to the graphics configuration scripts. This fixes problems where users with Optimus have their NVIDIA card disabled, and use the integrated graphics chip instead.
NVIDIA driver version 440 has been added.
nomadbsd-dmconfig, a Qt tool for selecting the display manager theme, setting the
default user and autologin has been added.
nomadbsd-adduser, a Qt tool for added preconfigured user accounts to the system has been added.
Martin Orszulik added Czech translations to the setup and installation wizard.
The NomadBSD logo, designed by Ian Grindley, has been changed.
Support for localized error messages has been added.
Support for localizing the password prompts has been added.
Some templates for starting other DEs have been added to ~/.xinitrc.
The interfaces of nomadbsd-setup-gui and nomadbsd-install-gui have been improved.
A script that helps users to configure a multihead systems has been added.
The Xorg driver for newer Intel GPUs has been changed from "intel" to "modesetting".
/proc has been added to /etc/fstab
A D-Bus session issue has been fixed which prevented thunar from accessing samba shares.
DSBBg which allows users to change and manage wallpapers has been added.
The latest version of update_obmenu now supports auto-updating the Openbox menu. Manually updating the Openbox menu after packet (de)installation is therefore no longer needed.

Support for multiple keyboard layouts has been added.
www/palemoon has been removed.
mail/thunderbird has been removed.
audio/audacity has been added.
deskutils/orage has been added.
the password manager fpm2 has been replaced by KeePassXC
mail/sylpheed has been replaced by mail/claws-mail
multimedia/simplescreenrecorder has been added.
DSBMC has been changed to DSBMC-Qt
Many small improvements and bug fixes.

At e2k19 nobody can hear you scream

• After 2 years it was once again time to pack skis and snowshoes, put a satellite dish onto a sledge and hike through the snowy rockies to the Elk Lakes hut.
• I did not really have much of a plan what I wanted to work on but there were a few things I wanted to look into. One of them was rpki-client and the fact that it was so incredibly slow. Since Bob beck@ was around I started to ask him innocent X509 questions ... as if there are innocent X509 questions! Mainly about the abuse of the X509_STORE in rpki-client. Pretty soon it was clear that rpki-client did it all wrong and most of the X509 verification had to be rewritten. Instead of only storing the root certificates in the store and passing the intermediate certs as a chain to the verification function rpki-client threw everything into it. The X509_STORE is just not built for such an abuse and so it was no wonder that this was slow.
• Lucky me I pulled benno@ with me into this dark hole of libcrypto code. He managed to build up an initial diff to pass the chains as a STACK_OF(X509) and together we managed to get it working. A big thanks goes to ingo@ who documented most of the functions we had to use. Have a look at STACK_OF(3) and sk_pop_free(3) to understand why benno@ and I slowly turned crazy.
• Our next challenge was to only load the necessary certificate revocation list into the X509_STORE_CTX. While doing those changes it became obvious that some of the data structures needed better lookup functions. Looking up certificates was done using a linear lookup and so we replaced the internal certificate and CRL tables with RB trees for fast lookups. deraadt@ also joined the rpki-client commit fest and changed the output code to use rename(2) so that files are replaced in an atomic operation. Thanks to this rpki-client can now be safely run from cron (there is an example in the default crontab).
• I did not plan to spend most of my week hacking on rpki-client but in the end I'm happy that I did and the result is fairly impressive. Working with libcrypto code and especially X509 was less than pleasant. Our screams of agony died away in the snowy rocky mountains and made Bob deep dive into UVM with a smile since he knew that benno@ and I had it worse.
• In case you wonder thanks to all changes at e2k19 rpki-client improved from over 20min run time to validate all VRPS to roughly 1min to do the same job. A factor 20 improvement!
• Thanks to Theo, Bob and Howie to make this possible. To all the cooks for the great food and to Xplornet for providing us with Internet at the hut.

Beastie Bits

• FOSDEM 2020 BSD Devroom schedule
• Easy Minecraft Server on FreeBSD Howto
• stats(3) framework in the TCP stack
• 4017 days of uptime
• sysget - A front-end for every package manager
• PlayOnBSD’s Cross-BSD Shopping Guide

Feedback/Questions

• Pat asks about the proper disk drive type for ZFS
• Brad asks about a ZFS rosetta stone

• Send questions, comments, show ideas/topics, or stories you want mentioned on the show to feedback@bsdnow.tv

Special Guest: Mariusz Zaborski.

##Headlines
###scp client multiple vulnerabilities

• Overview
• SCP clients from multiple vendors are susceptible to a malicious scp server performing
  unauthorized changes to target directory and/or client output manipulation.
• Description
• Many scp clients fail to verify if the objects returned by the scp server match those
  it asked for. This issue dates back to 1983 and rcp, on which scp is based. A separate
  flaw in the client allows the target directory attributes to be changed arbitrarily.
  Finally, two vulnerabilities in clients may allow server to spoof the client output.
• Impact
• Malicious scp server can write arbitrary files to scp target directory, change the
  target directory permissions and to spoof the client output.
• Details

The discovered vulnerabilities, described in more detail below, enables the attack
described here in brief.

• 1. The attacker controlled server or Man-in-the-Middle(*) attack drops .bash_aliases file to victim’s home directory when the victim performs scp operation from the server. The transfer of extra files is hidden by sending ANSI control sequences via stderr. For example:

user@local:~$ scp user@remote:readme.txt .
readme.txt 100% 494 1.6KB/s 00:00
user@local:~$

• 2. Once the victim launches a new shell, the malicious commands in .bash_aliases get executed.
• *) Man-in-the-Middle attack does require the victim to accept the wrong host fingerprint.

###FreeBSD 12.0 vs. DragonFlyBSD 5.4 vs. TrueOS 18.12 vs. Linux On A Tyan EPYC Server

Last month when running FreeBSD 12.0 benchmarks on a 2P EPYC server I wasn’t able to run any side-by-side benchmarks with the new DragonFlyBSD 5.4 as this BSD was crashing during the boot process on that board. But fortunately on another AMD EPYC server available, the EPYC 1P TYAN Transport SX TN70A-B8026, DragonFlyBSD 5.4.1 runs fine. So for this first round of BSD benchmarking in 2019 are tests of FreeBSD 11.2, FreeBSD 12.0, DragonFlyBSD 5.4.1, the new TrueOS 18.12, and a few Linux distributions (CentOS 7, Ubuntu 18.04.1 LTS, and Clear Linux) on this EPYC 7601 server in a variety of workloads.

DragonFlyBSD 5.4.1 ran fine on this Tyan server and could boot fine unlike the issue encountered on the Dell PowerEdge R7425 for this particular BSD. But on the Tyan server, DragonFlyBSD 5.2.2 wouldn’t boot so only this latest DragonFlyBSD release series was used as part of the comparison.

• A summary of the operating systems tested for this EPYC 7601 OS benchmark comparison included:

• DragonFlyBSD 5.4.1 - The latest release of Matthew Dillon’s operating system while using the HAMMER2 file-system and GCC 8.1 compiler that is now the default system compiler for this BSD.

• FreeBSD 11.2 - The previous stable release of FreeBSD. Installed with a ZFS file-system.

• FreeBSD 12.0 - The latest stable release of FreeBSD and installed with its ZFS option.

• TrueOS 18.12 - The latest release of the iX systems’ FreeBSD derivative. TrueOS 18.12 is based on FreeBSD 13.0-CURRENT and uses ZFS by default and was using the Clang 7.0.1 compiler compared to Clang 6.0.1 on FreeBSD 12.0.

• CentOS Linux 7 - The latest EL7 operating system performance.

• Ubuntu 18.04.1 LTS - The latest Ubuntu Long Term Support release.

• Clear Linux 27120 - The latest rolling release as of testing out of Intel’s Open-Source Technology Center. Clear Linux often reflects as close to the gold standard for performance as possible with its insanely tuned software stack for offering optimal performance on x86_64 performance for generally showing best what the hardware is capable of.

Throughout all of this testing, the Tyan 2U server was kept to its same configuration of an AMD EPYC 7601 (32 cores / 64 threads) at stock speeds, 8 x 16GB DDR4-2666 ECC memory, and 280GB Intel Optane 900p SSD benchmarks.

##News Roundup
###National Inventors Hall of Fame honors creators of Unix

Dennis Ritchie (Posthumous) and Ken Thompson: UNIX Operating System
Thompson and Ritchie’s creation of the UNIX operating system and the C programming language were pivotal developments in the progress of computer science. Today, 50 years after its beginnings, UNIX and UNIX-like systems continue to run machinery from supercomputers to smartphones. The UNIX operating system remains the basis of much of the world’s computing infrastructure, and C language – written to simplify the development of UNIX – is one of the most widely used languages today.

###Die IPV4, Die

Imagine, it is 2019. Easy, ha? Imagine, it is 2019 and you want to turn off IPv4. Like, off off. Really off. Not disabling IPv6, but disabling IPv4.

• Two steps back

You might be coming here wondering, why would anybody want to do what we are asking to be done. Well, it is dead simple: We are running data centers (like Data Center Light) with a lot of IPv6 only equipment. There simply is no need for IPv4. So why would we want to have it enabled?
Also, here at ungleich, we defined 2019 as the year to move away from IPv4.

• The challenge

Do you like puzzles? Competitions? Challenges? Hacking? Well. If ANY of this is of your interest, here is a real challenge for you:
We offer a 100 CHF (roughly 100 USD) for anyone who can give us a detailed description of how to turn IPv4 completely off in an operating system and allowing it to communicate with IPv6 only. This should obviously include a tiny proof that your operating system is really unable to use IPv4 at all. Just flushing IPv4 addresses and keeping the IPv4 stack loaded, does not count.

###GhostBSD 18.12 released

GhostBSD 18.12 is an updated iso of GhostBSD 18.10 with some little changes to the live DVD/USB and with updated packages.

• What has changed since 18.10
• removed default call of kernel modules for AMD and Intel
• replaced octopkg by software-station
• added back gop hacks to the live system
• added ghostbsd-drivers and ghostbsd-utils
• we updated the packages to the latest build

###And Now for a laugh : #unixinpictures

##Beastie Bits

• We are now closer to the Y2038 bug than the Y2K bug
• OpenBSD Enterprise use
• AT&T Unix Books
• Process title and missing memory space
• The History of a Security Hole
• unbound-adblock: The ultimate network adblocker!
• FreeBSD’s name/value pairs library
• Pid Rollover
• Booting OpenBSD kernels in EFI mode with QEMU
• OpenBSD CVS commit: Make mincore lie
• BSDCan 2019 CfP ending January 19 - Submit!
• OpenZFS User Conference - April 18-19
• FreeBSD Journal is a free publication now

##Feedback/Questions

• Chris - Boot environments and SSDs
• Jonathan - Bytes issued during a zpool scrub
• Bostjan - ZFS Record Size and my mistakes

• Send questions, comments, show ideas/topics, or stories you want mentioned on the show to feedback@bsdnow.tv